The available Level 3 TSI data products produced by the SORCE program consist of daily and 6-hourly average irradiances reported at a mean solar distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU) and zero relative line-of-sight velocity with respect to the Sun. Found inside Page 129Select Proceedings of RDMPMC 2020 Swarup Bag Christ Prakash Paul, Mayuri Baruah. 6. Jamil Ahmad M, Tiwari GN (2011) Solar radiation modelsa review. hbbd```b``"d2XdH, &@$d"H0"YuHg`]W RBj@L@Ig`2` r^ endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 253 0 obj <>stream As the battery degraded further, all SORCE instruments ceasedoperations on 30July 2013. Improved TIM and SIM instruments on an upcomingTotal Solar and Spectral Irradiance Sensor (TSIS)mission, expected to launch in 2016, will provide even more accurate Sun observations for detecting yet unresolved solar variations, and for further strengthening our understanding the role solar variations have in a changing planet. Short duration time periods of these data can be madeavailable upon request for specific studies. Found inside Page 189February 29 to March 02, 2020 For prediction of solar radiation we used a different input-data for the network FMLP-NN such as Solar Radiation (SR), Found inside Page 54221st International Conference, Guimaraes, Portugal, November 4-6, 2020, located over the roof to transfer the solar radiation to a thermal accumulator. Found inside Page 118Select Proceedings of TRACE 2020 Rafid Al Khaddar, N. D. Kaushika, S. K. Singh, R. K. Tomar. Collection of solar radiation data from the gauged locations In November 2019, new versions of the Vaisala solar irradiance data sets were released. Note that this data is based on primary energy calculated by the substitution method which attempts to correct for the inefficiencies in fossil fuel production. Willson, R. C. Irradiance observations of SMM, Spacelab-1, UARS, and ATLAS Experiments. Brown-Out Mode (Dec. 2016 25 Feb. 2020):Further battery degradation required the operation of the SORCE spacecraft in Brown-Out Mode. This mode frequentlydelays the start of solar observations on the sunlight side of each orbit, causing fewer measurements and slightly greater instrument thermal instability, both of which contribute to slightly greater net measurement uncertainties. Willson, R. C. Total Solar Irradiance Trend in Solar Cycles 21 and 22. Global Solar Atlas 2.0: Technical Report (November 2019) Detailed description of the downloadable content from this site: solar resource data and maps, data sources, methodology. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. hTn0rAl4-w~s{@"HJ- This volume contains the proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, SEB12, held in Stockholm, Sweden, and is organized by KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden in partnership Two TSI data filesare produced daily. However, more than half of the population remains without access to grid-based electricity. Part A of this book analyzed data on sun hours in Northern Ghana to ascertain the potential of solar energy as an alternative energy source. This book is designed to be of valuable use to meteorologists, climatologists, and physicists. Students, specifically graduate students, can also make use of the book as well. Knowing how much of the Sun's energy reaches the surface helps scientists understand weather and climate patterns as well as patterns of plant growth around our world. This initiated a 7-month gap in all SORCE observations. These so-called Level 2 data are averaged over an entire day as well as over each 6-hour interval to formulate the two primary SORCE TSI data products that are released to the GES DISC. The Bureau produces a range of products from satellite observations which provide solar information across the country. The current most accurate TSI values from theTotal Irradiance Monitor (TIM)on NASAsSolar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE )is 1360.8 0.5 W/m2 during the 2008 solar minimum as compared to previous estimates of 1365.4 1.3 W/m2 established in the 1990s. Time-dependent uncertainties in the released data files reflect thelower quality of these measurements compared to those of the primary mission phase (see figure below). Vallette. Found inside Page 45At the same time, the time interval studied in this paper is relatively limited, so the following research will adopt the new solar radiation data in the First Results from the VIRGO Experiment. Climate information for solar energy. The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) measures the total solar irradiance (TSI), monitoring theincident radiant energy poweringthe Earths climate system. Frhlich C., B. N. Anderson, T. Appourchaux, G. Berthomieu, D. A. Crommelynck, V. Domingo, A. Fichot, M. F. Finsterle, M. F. Gmez, D. Gough, A. Jimnez, T. Leifsen, M. Lombaerts, J. M. Pap, J. Provost, T. Roca Corts, J. Romero, H. Roth, T. Sekii, U. TellJohann, T. Toutain, and C. Wehrli. Solar Companies in State: 499 (85 Manufacturers, 205 Installers/Developers, 209 Others). This historical TSI reconstruction is currently an unofficial series using corrections that are believed to reflect the most realistic and up-to-date estimates of the solar variability over the last 400 years, such as the recent revisions to sunspot-number records. This volume provides an authoritative voice on the topic, incorporating contributions from an internationally recognized group of top authors from both industry and academia, focused on providing information from underlying scientific The 4.5 W/m^2 by which the TIM read lower than prior instruments at the time of launch has been resolved as being largely due to internal instrument scatter in those prior instruments causing erroneously high readings (see Kopp & Lean, GRL, 38, L01706, 2011). SoDa also provides spectral radiation services for agriculture While daily values are produced for almost all days since this mode began,6-hourly values arenot available quite as regularly as they were before due to limited telemetry, and all Level 3 products are based on many fewer actual observations with correspondingly greater measurement uncertainties in the reported Level 3 TSI values (see figure below). Found inside Page iiiThis book provides the most up-to-date information on hybrid solar cell and solar thermal collectors, which are commonly referred to as Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) systems. Proxies of the TSI based on sunspot observations, tree ring records, ice cores, and cosmogenic isotopes have given estimates of the solar influence on the Earth that extend back thousands of years, and correlate with major climatic events on the Earth. Long-term total solar irradiance variability during sunspot cycle 22. The instrument electronics were calibrated for gain each month, precluding 6 consecutive hours of solar measurements. Press Release Solar Radiation Sensor Market Research Report with Size, Share, Value, CAGR, Outlook, Analysis, Latest Updates, Data, and News 2020-2027 Sun-climate research is an interdisciplinary field focusing on understanding solar variability and climate response on different time scales, and is critical for understanding and isolating human-induced climate change. Good accuracy and stability in this recent record arethus of high importance and drive the measurement objectives of the TIM. Additionally, we never spend time waiting for critical solar data because SolarAnywhere delivers data, on-demand, in under 5 minutes. The various data sets are in basic agreement and show conclusively that variations of TSI track the passage of sunspots across the solar disk with an amplitude of about 0.2%, and that long-term solar cycle variations are only on the order of 0.1%. Solar Resource Maps and Data. Found inside Page 68Proceedings of ICDMAI 2020, Volume 2 Neha Sharma Amlan Chakrabarti, Valentina Emilia Balas data imputation for solar irradiance forecasting in thailand. To date the TIM has shown lower degradation than any other flight TSI instrument, and long-term relative uncertainties are estimated to be less than 0.014 W/m^2/yr (10 ppm/yr). Lawrence, G.M., G. Kopp, G. Rottman, J. Most of those other instruments have now corrected (lowered) their values, and are now in very good agreement with the SORCE/TIM. Full mission downloadable data files contain data from 25 Feb. 2003 to 25 Feb. 2020. Wind energy, or electricity generated by wind-powered turbines, is almost exclusively consumed in the electric power sector. SoDa is an access to many solar, meteorological, altitude, astronomical, and atmospheric services.. The Sun is a variable star as one can see from sunspots recorded back to Galileos time in the early 1600s. Found inside Page 195Solar. Radiation. Estimation. Using. Data. Mining. Techniques Published: 2 November 2020 Abstract: High quality of solar radiation data is essential for Over the next few days, we will not have near-real time data availability but we expect to be able to provide that data as soon as reprocessing is completed and verified (scheduled by Aug 16, 2021). This book demonstrates which of these predictive tools gives the best results in different circumstances, including explaining which models can be best used in different parts of the world. and corrected for sensor degradation Table Of Contents: 1.) Eleven-year averages are used to reduce the year-to-year natural noise in the data, making the underlying trends more obvious. SSI observations from theSpectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM)instrument on SORCE revealed variations of SSI in the descending phase of solar cycle 23 that were not anticipated by some semi-empirical models. Found inside Page 1132DPTA 2020 Chuanchao Huang 595.5 2.55T ) where T is the average value of daily maximum and minimum temperature, C; Rs is solar radiation, MJ(m2.d). The Global Solar Atlas provides a summary of solar power potential and solar resources globally. Frhlich, Claus. Wind energy accounted for about 26% of U.S. renewable energy consumption in 2020. Solar Geospatial Data Tools. Found inside Page 258Solar radiation intensities , tabulated in langleys per minute on a surface normal to the direction of the sun . DELAYED DATA Sun ' , zenith distance Sun's Degradation Corrections Are Applied to All Modes:TIM data fromall modes have been corrected for degradation of the primary radiometervia weekly inter-comparisons with a secondary, bi-weekly with a tertiary, and monthly with a quaternary. The biggest changes affect the "1.X" (1.0, 1.1, 1.2) models, which are based on a modified Kasten clear-sky model that incorporates atmospheric aerosol and water vapor values from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments. solar radiation data, wind speed, wind direction. Solar Data 2020 Stacey V. Washington SC Energy Office November 4, 2020 @SCEnergyOffice Solar Data Information Utility Submissions interconnected Data Totals through July 31, 2020 @SCEnergyOffice 4 5 25 177 469 783 1,227-200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 FY2014 FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 The amount of solar energy received by the Earth has followed the Suns natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs with no net increase since the 1950s. In 2020, 43% of all new electric capacity added to the grid came from solar, the largest such share in history and the second year in a row that solar added the most generating capacity to the grid. We trust SolarAnywhere Data because its a comprehensively validated satellite-based resource data set. Found inside Page 43Jarzebowski , S. , Bourlakis , M. & Bezat - Jarzebowska , A. ( 2020 ) . crops : Influence of growing season , solar radiation data and functional unit . Even balloon-borne measurements in the 1900s lacked the instrumental accuracy to detect the ~0.1% changes in the TSI. Meteonorm gives full set of meteorological data. Developed from ground measurements by interpolation for solar energy and applied meteorology. Partly available through SoDa portal. The National Solar Radiation, database from 1961-1990. 215 0 obj <> endobj 241 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2672CF3371F782386BAF1040A6C7E7CF>]/Index[215 39]/Info 214 0 R/Length 116/Prev 852656/Root 216 0 R/Size 254/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Harder, T. Woods, and H. Loui. Found inside Page 738PCCDS 2020 Mayank Dave, Ritu Garg, Mohit Dua, Jemal Hussien Alzahrani A et al (2014) Predicting solar irradiance using time series neural networks. Satellite observations over the past three decades show that the sunspot activity is associated with changes in solar output energy. Posted on June 25, 2020. by networkingnerd. real-time and forecast availability of solar radiation around the world. The TIMmeasures the absolute intensity of solar radiation integrated over the entire solar irradiance spectrum. These groundbreaking continuous SIM observations of near full solar spectrum SSI are unprecedented in the history of Sun observations and have helped scientists to understand the important role on climate of SSI variations. Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget Calibration History. Found inside Page 494The radiation data was obtained from the meteorological station of Zona Cloudiness or sky coverage directly affects the amount of solar gains and the Data from H1 2020 to H2 2020 EnergySages twelfth semi-annual Solar Marketplace Intel Report uses data from the EnergySage Solar Marketplace to provide further visibility into the residential solar markets in the United States, exploring how solar pricing and equipment trends evolved in 2020. Kyle, H.L., D.V. During this time the instrument acquired regular TSI measurementson the solar-facing portion of most orbits and took measurements of dark space to correct for the instruments thermal background on the eclipsed portion of most orbits. It covers the United States and a growing subset of international locations. U.S. solar photovoltaic module shipments up 33% in 2020. February 8, 2021. This Third Edition of the acknowledged leading book on solar engineering features: Complete coverage of basic theory, systems design, and applications Updated material on such cutting-edge topics as photovoltaics and wind power systems New Academic Editor: Leonardo Sandrolini. "The Field Guide to Solar Optics attempts to consolidate and summarize optical topics in solar technologies and engineering that are dispersed throughout literature. This book presents the methods of quantitative determination of solar irradiation incident amount on a surface on the Earth. Analyzing the Solar Energy Data Using a New Anderson-Darling Test under Indeterminacy. Find and download resource map images and data for North America, the contiguous United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America. The total solar irradiance (TSI), improperly called solar constant until a few years ago, has been found to change about 0.1% in an 11-year solar sunspot activity. In 2020, solar PV and solar thermal power plants produced 29,450 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of energy or 15.43 percent of California's in-state generation portfolio. Three important accomplishments of the SORCE mission are i) the continuation of the 42-year-long TSI climate data record, ii) the continuation of the ultraviolet SSI An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation K,~HJ Xx) _wXT7:^^_~;em(c(mr6 OqlMfF`{BdoeRP=u0 uYUnuQ.. 1Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia. Shuttered operation of the instrument corrects for thermal background, and state-of-the-art phase sensitive detection algorithms applied to the data at the shutter fundamental reduce noise and sensitivity to drifts. A Chinese research institute released a 34-year dataset of the global surface solar radiation, according to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on Monday. Found insideIt is anticipated that this book will make a scientific contribution to exergy workers, researchers, academics, PhD students, and other scientists in both the present and the future. Four TIM radiometer channels track on-orbit degradation in the primary channel and additionally provide a limited degree of redundancy. Found inside Page 13Such measures require specific solar radiation data assessment. The design stage offers the requisite data for the configuration of the PV system and the The SORCE TSI data set continues these important observations with improved accuracy on the order of 0.035%. Wind surpassed hydroelectricity in 2019 to become the single most-consumed source of renewable energy on an annual basis. They are supported by one minute solar data measured with high quality, ground-based instruments at twenty Bureau stations. This is consistent with the agreement between all four TIM radiometers. One contains the daily means and the other contains four 6-hourly means per day. StM3Ne|dq~X\Ode< )@ o endstream endobj 216 0 obj <> endobj 217 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 218 0 obj <>stream SOLAR RADIATION AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA SERVICES . If you retrieved data from POWER since August 10th, 2021, we encourage you reload your data. The measurements of global solar radiation and direct normal radiation were gathered and analyzed for the whole of 2018. Found inside Page 576Table 1 Solar ETC data for day one Time Hrs Solar radiation Ambient Collector Velocity Mass of outlet of air m/s air kg/s W/m2 Temp % RH Temp Heat gain J/s This highly successful NASA Earth Observing System ( EOS) mission provided a groundbreaking data record of total solar irradiance (TSI) and spectral solar irradiance (SSI), two key inputs for atmosphere and climate modeling. If you use the IDL programming environment, the IDL routine read_lasp_ascii_file.pro may be used to read the above text files into IDL. This was soon followed by an Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) instrument on the Solar Maximum Mission and by the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). However, this approach involves image processing techniques and different algorithms for estimating solar radiation so the data between these databases can differ significantly. The SORCE/TIM Level 3 uncertainties show gradualincreases with time as well as abrupt increases corresponding tochanges in operational modes. The center provides opportunities for scientist collaboration, and is a means for post-doctoral scientists and graduate students in science, engineering, and mission operations to move between LASP and Goddard. Found inside Page 5656 Available Solar Radiation 2.5 SOLAR RADIATION DATA Solar radiation data are available in several forms. The following information about radiation data is Some other parameters like solar illuminance data, extraterrestrial solar data are missing, but the work done before (Gaballa and Cho, 2019) proves that weather files with limited data could perform well within ASHRAE Guideline 14 Develop(ASHRAE, 2014) uncertainty tolerance range. SoDa delivers solar radiation and meteorological data services for solar photovoltaic and thermal site prospection and electricity production monitoring and forecasting.. Only minor corrections are anticipated at this phase in the SORCE/TIM mission. This interactive chart shows the share of primary energy that comes from solar power. Found inside Page 1477Arrangement of temperature gauges. wind speed and solar radiation of several days before 2020a,b) By comparing different methods of initial temperature, Found insideThis book is published with open access under a CC BY license. Solar energetic particles (SEPs) emitted from the Sun are a major space weather hazard motivating the development of predictive capabilities. Found insideSolar Heating and Cooling Systems: Fundamentals, Experiments and Applications provides comprehensive coverage of this modern energy issue from both a scientific and technical level that is based on original research and the synthesis of Ground measured solar irradiation and meteorological data. 0 @zk#AQ)AFg\zr,61.T"0A)-=p.d Other places lose more energy to space than they absorb, so they have an energy deficit. The maps and data for United Arab Emirates have been released in parallel with Global Solar Atlas, which is published by the World Bank Group, funded by ESMAP, and prepared by Solargis.All maps on this page are licensed by The World Bank under the Creative Commons Attribution license with the mandatory and binding addition presented in Global Solar Atlas terms. NOAA categorizes Solar Radiation Storms using the NOAA Space Weather Scale on a scale from S1 - S5. Solar photovoltaics deployment stats. Solar photovoltaics deployment stats. Solar photovoltaics deployment data. Updated solar deployment table. Updated solar photovoltaics deployment data. September solar photovoltaics deployment data. Updated solar photovoltaics deployment data. Total Solar Investment in State: $11.2 billion. By being powered on continually, the instrumentwas thermally very stable during this period, making these the highest quality data fromthe TIM. The difference between how much solar energy enters the Earth system and how much heat energy escapes into space is called "net radiation." Received 23 Oct 2020. No credit card or commitment required. Harder, W. McClintock,and T. Woods. Found inside Page 147SPIoT-2020, Volume 1 John MacIntyre, Jinghua Zhao, Xiaomeng Ma Machine learning methods for solar radiation forecasting: a review. Renew. With SolarAnywhere Data, we can prospect for new sites to our hearts content. Youve probably been hearing a lot about analytics and artificial intelligence in the past couple of years. Lee, R. B., M. A. Gibson, R. S. Wilson, and S. Thomas. Found inside Page 94 LATITUDE : 30.12 N LONGITUDE : 93.220 W ELEVATION : 10 feet MEAN PRESSURE : 14.7 psia Monthly Radiation ( Btu 860 78 670 1020 420 1300 260 260 240 510 310 870 1030 400 2020 540 310 870 Average Incident Solar Radiation ( Btu Of the mentioned TSI instruments, theVIRGO is the only one from prior to the SORCE launch that continues to make observations. These estimates extrapolate many recent detailed observations to long-term observations of fewer (or even one) measurement. Learn more at our in-depth solar portal. Using our proprietary cloud detection, aerosol tracking and prediction algorithms, we provide real-time and forecast availability of solar radiation around the world. The data is updated every 5-15 minutes with each new satellite image, and instantly made available via our API services. Found inside Page 3Solar radiation data for two sites in Lebanon are analyzed and presented in a fora suitable for their use by practicing engineers . Found inside Page 347Chung, M.H.: Estimating solar insolation and power generation of photovoltaic systems using previous day weather data. Adv. Civil Eng. 2020, 113 (2020). Every software platform under the sun is looking to increase their visibility into the way that networks and systems behave. Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE ), Total Solar and Spectral Irradiance Sensor (TSIS). If you use the On-orbit instrument characterization is an on-going effort, as the TIM team regularly tracks instrument degradation and calibrates the instrument servo system on-orbit, periodically updating the data processing system with new calibration values. Still, knowledge of TSI alone is not sufficient for understanding the physical processes in the Earths ocean and atmosphere system. Hoyt, J.R. Hickey, R.H. Maschoff, and G.J. After enjoying one week in the Swedish Lapland, the idea of providing energy to one of those isolated cabins in the far landscape caught our attention. Found inside Page 21Exe miles) (km) Amman 31 57 35 56 1093 2024 2020 0.2 Beirut 33 49 35 30 1150 data is available from Turnhouse (local airport), solar radiation records hb```"?V cc`a$hl} , 1'8hY5`vUOZ^~0y$7z$rY.`>5Pl #t)* s4R@$sT##_r[&!=uq4HU43 1eQKfv0&yEGq9`4N1B\`RI0PR Sun-climate research activities in Climate and Radiation Laboratory focus on analyzing observed solar irradiance for understanding solar variability, and investigating observed and simulated climate responses to solar variations recorded in satellite observations in order to pin down the physical mechanisms in the Sun-climate connection. Level 2) havelimited scientific value due to frequent gaps caused by the Earth occulting the Sun in the SORCEs low-Earth orbit, and are therefore not delivered to the GES DISC. The book devotes a section to other meteorological instruments, and another to the basics for installing and operating a solar monitoring station. Solcast solar irradiance data Solcast models the incident solar radiation in real-time, worldwide Below is a map of the global horizontal irradiance on Percentage of State's Electricity from Solar: 2.27%. State Homes Powered by Solar: 1,082,407 homes. Despite the global COVID-19 pandemic, U.S shipments of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules (also referred to as solar panels) reached a record high of 21.8 million peak kilowatts (kW) in 2020, 5.4 million peak kW more than in 2019. Solar PV module shipments include imports, exports, and modules produced and sold domestically. The scale is based on measurements of energetic protons taken by the GOES satellite in geosynchronous orbit. Prices have fallen 43% over the last 5 years. Kopp, G., G. Lawrence, and G. Rottman. STEP 1 : First you have to connect to the NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy database for a particular location, here : Power Data access Viewer : NASA solar radiation and meteorological data. The last study to discuss the climate of the Arctic in any depth was published in 1970 (Climates a/the Polar Regions, vol. 14, ed. S. Orvig) by the World Survey of Climatology, edited by H. E. Landsberg. SORCE (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment) 2003-present, compiled by G. Rottman 4.) Select the "Power single point solar access" for data for a specific point on the map. Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Daily mean data adjusted to 1 A.U. Data production from this Daylight-Only Operations (DO-Op) mode recommencedon 5 March 2014. The team relied on satellite data and climate model outputs to characterize solar radiation intermittency and assess the future reliability of PV in different parts of the world. Radiation in the Atmosphere Access our solar radiation data through our API Toolkit. End of Operations (25 Feb. 2020):The SORCE instruments and spacecraft were powered off on 25 Feb. 2020, ending a very successful 17-year mission. Harder, and T. Woods. In order to understand solar radiation and the complex interplay between solar photons and the Earths atmosphere, it should be recognised that none of these elements or occurrences are independent, but rather form part of a bigger picture. %PDF-1.6 % In an effort to meet the demands of a developing nation, the energy The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) for the EOS SORCE Mission. This extrapolation is important for understanding the relationship between TSI and the Earths climate; yet the extrapolation begins with the comparison of solar surface features to accurate TSI measurements, a record which is currently only 36years long. The TSI value and the time stamp reported are means of the TSI measurements acquired during the interval. Exposure-dependent degradation of the primary radiometerwastracked via weekly simultaneous measurements with a secondary radiometerhaving much lower solar exposure. Data Is The New Solar Energy. (303) 735-0934 Email: (use firstname.lastname@lasp.colorado.edu), 2021 Regents of the University of Colorado, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Kopp, G. and Lawrence, G., The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Instrument Design,, Kopp, G., Heuerman, K., and Lawrence, G., The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Instrument Calibration,, Kopp, G., Lawrence, G., and Rottman, G., The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Science Results,. Global Solar Atlas 2.0: Validation Report (November 2019) Validation of Solargis solar radiation model and solar resource database (downloadable also as GIS data above) It is assumed that the predicted model cannot be applied to systems installed in a specific condition; however, it can predict information applicable to a wide range of conditions. Woods, Tom, Gary Rottman, Jerry Harder, George Lawrence, Bill McClintock,Greg Kopp, and Chris Pankratz. 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