Learn about our remote access options, Laboratório de Protecção e Segurança Radiológica, Instituto Superior Técnico/Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139, 2695‐066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal, Fernando P. Carvalho, Laboratório de Protecção e Segurança Radiológica, Instituto Superior Técnico/Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139, 2695‐066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal. This has been the case, for example, of the Ruhr basin in Germany, Loire in France, and West Midlands (Birmingham) in UK, to cite just a few very old mining regions. Notwithstanding, coal still is a lever for the economic growth of many countries (e.g. 2017). Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. Hippophae rhamnoides In 2021, we will be supporting climate and social justice activists to tell their frontline stories. Underground artisanal gold mining in Niger. Environment, Development and Sustainability. Mercury enters the food chain and it is transferred to humans. International organizations and the International Gold Council try to minimize such problems through several initiatives (http://www.artisanalgold.org/; Fig. Acid mine drainage often results from exposure of rock minerals and ore deposits to water and oxygen facilitating the mobilization of chemical elements and increasing their concentrations in waters and food chains, with detrimental effects on ecosystems’ health and human health (Carvalho et al. If these commitments are met, we have a chance of saving the planet and delivering just outcomes for all people. Germany), although renewables may also have significant life‐cycle impacts and carbon emissions and require mining for the necessary raw materials, for example, REE and fertilizers. Substantial advances in human capacity are needed through improvements of education and healthcare – resulting, among others, in higher income and better environmental decisions. Sustainable development can be defined as an approach to the economic development of a country without compromising the quality of the environment for future generations. sustainable agriculture, water, oceans and disaster readiness.2 The present Survey focuses on three of these cross-sectoral issues with immediate implications for realizing sustainable development, namely: (a) sustainable cities, (b) food and nutrition security and (c) energy transformation. In the Classic Greece and in the Roman Empire, many mines were exploited for production of iron, lead, copper, gold, and other metals. This is not the case for all metals and metal recycling is needed (Gordon et al. FOUNDATIONS OF HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2. To be successful, mining projects will need to find better ways to link with local communities, may be through serious participation in to social development, enhanced respect of human rights, and helping to overcome poverty. Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni) and energy fuels (oil, gas, coal, and uranium) requires large investments, and it is capital intensive, being carried out mostly by major corporate companies. All these artisanal and agricultural activities created pathways for the transfer of radioactive contaminants and radiation exposure of population, requiring measures to reduce exposure to radioactivity. Transparency and accountability Enforcement of safety measures and regulations are thus needed as a critical step to protect the fragile ecosystems of deep ocean. Sustainable development ppt 1. This article summarizes how important have been past mining activities and how important can be in the future, at least for some types of mining, and discusses the effects of mining, the trends in mining impacts on environment and society, and how they shall avoid compromising sustainable development. To illustrate this, we may look into statistics of the global extraction of major metals which, in the period from 1970 to 2004 (35‐year period), grew by more than 75%, and global extraction of industrial minerals (e.g. Mining for base metals (e.g. 2014). Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management. For example, P may be recuperated and recycled from wastewater, animal metabolism, and aquatic environments in order to maintain food production yields in agriculture (Schnug and De Kok 2016). 6). Relationship between Mg, B and Mn status and tomato tolerance against Cd toxicity. Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Fukushima) outweighed radioactivity released by coal power plants. Phosphate fertilizers are often criticized also because of contaminants they contain. Mining impacts, including waste streams and social impacts, were, therefore, generally transferred from developed and densely inhabited regions to other regions. It used 1.48 billion tons of raw materials, or 470 million tonnes less than, would have been needed to make the same volume of steel in the 1970s (WSA, 2009). Subsurface Submergence of Mine Waste Materials as a Remediation Strategy to Reduce Metal Mobility: an Overview. New mining projects are expected today to incorporate lessons from past mining activities and meet societal and development needs in a more efficient and less damaging way to the environment. In this process, deep boreholes are made in the Earth crust and water with sand grains, or zirconium, surfactants, and fluidifier/emulsion agents are injected with high pressure in the productive rock layers underneath, usually shale. Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of the two. Assessing the Policy Adoption and Impact of Geoinformation for enhancing Sustainable Mining in Africa. Assessment of risks impeding sustainable mining in Pakistan using fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Bacterially assembled biopolyester nanobeads for removing cadmium from water. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. The quantity of waste generated to produce the 12 major metals and commodities was computed to be, in average, four times the weight of the metals extracted, but, in reality, the wastes flow increases faster than the commodity extraction due to declining ore grades and need to tap deeper ore deposits (USGS, 2008; UNEP, 2011). Remediation of legacy uranium tailings (Urgeiriça Mine, Portugal) placing a cap of geotextile membrane and several soil layers to confine radioactive uranium mill tailings. Nevertheless, although known with some uncertainty, there is a wide conscience that fossil fuels do exist in finite amounts and campaigns for the best use of resources and energy savings have been introduced worldwide to constrain also the fast release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Responsible Mining: Challenges, Perspectives and Approaches. This implies that metal recycling must increase and alternative sources of energy must be tapped in order to decrease environmental impacts and depletion of conventional energy resources. It is widespread in developing countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Central and South America, and it ensures the existence for millions of families in rural areas of developing countries. It is a term that we come across in arenas ranging from door-step recycling initiatives to media explanations of global security issues. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Chalcophile Elements: Systematics and Relevance. L.) and Quince ( Sustainable development is a prog ramme that cha nges the economic development process to ensu re the basic quality of l ife, protecting valuable e cosystems and other communit ies at the same time. Silver Mine in Peru surrounded by houses (Cerro de Pasco, 4330 m altitude). The production of REE increased from about 1000 tonnes/year in the 1950s to 135,000 tonnes/year in 2009, although afterwards declined slightly. The good signs about this are that responsible mining companies tend to adopt everywhere good mining procedures according to the best international standards, although this might be far from being the general behavior yet. 3. These uranium tailings create environmental impacts and long‐term issues that need careful consideration (IAEA, 2005, 2006; Carvalho 2011). Mining regions are now often located in remote areas of north of Canada and Australia, and in developing countries in South America, Asia, and Africa, often with less stringent mining laws and weaker environmental regulations (Miranda et al. As these effects often relate to contamination from tailings and acid mine drainage produced during and after mining operations, the EIA of mining projects should encompass the entire life cycle of the mine, should incorporate the assessment of negative impacts and societal benefits also, and must incorporate the liability and the cost – and thus make funding provisions timely – for postmine environmental rehabilitation. Recent estimates suggest that the technosphere mass might be of about 30 trillion (1012) tonnes, while, for comparison, human biomass is about five orders of magnitude lower (Zalasiewicz et al. Enforcement of safety measures and regulations are thus needed as a critical step to protect the fragile ecosystems of deep ocean. One solution currently pushed by phosphate industry (to disperse the phosphogypsum in soils in order to get rid of stacks) is not desirable because this would spread contaminants in soils and waters and would prevent the eventual recover of uranium from phosphogypsum (Fig. The artisanal gold mining in Africa raises several serious social problems, such as child labor, poor safety and high number of accidents, substance addiction, and high criminality in gold mining areas. Working off-campus? Renewable energy, trade performance and the conditional role of finance and institutional capacity in sub-Sahara African countries. Phosphate industry is crucial to agriculture and food production. With exhaustion of rich ore deposits and enforcement of environmental protection regulations, many mining companies moved to developing regions where regulations were less strict. All have deep environmental impacts. Remediation of mining environmental impacts on these ecosystems might be nearly impossible at the present. ESD empowers learners to take informed decisions and responsible actions for environmental integrity, economic viability and a just society, for present and future generations, while respecting cultural diversity. which occurred in connection with booms in demand. Mining is, thus, a vast field of human activity that will go on to respond to societal needs, such as to fixing and improving the technosphere, but today with the additional responsibility that comes with knowledge: to make responsible management of the resources and keep healthy ecosystems capable to support human society with life quality, today and in the future. 2014). Mining ores are generally aggregated in sectors such as base metals, fossil fuels, and precious metals. 2013). In recent years, the regulations and concerns with environmental resources lead to mitigation of pollution and remediation of the environmental impact. May be the next opportunity with a strong need for development of EIA and risk assessment methodologies will be the upcoming metal exploitation at and around hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. At the same time, mining is the human activity that has been more disturbing to environment and is linked to large social impacts and inequalities. 9). Concerning aluminum, it is estimated that since 1880 900 million tons of aluminum were produced of which nearly 75% is still in use today. Environmental impacts of coal burning include increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, that together with other greenhouse gases, such as nitrogen protoxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), are the causes for present global warming (IPCC 2014). In the 19th and 20th centuries, coal was the primary source of energy in metal smelting and to produce electricity, and it was extracted in many countries, from United Kingdom to Australia and from United States of America to Russia. 2009; Gilbert 2009; Van Vuuren et al. Introduction of new techniques requires precaution in its use and maturation of techniques. Therefore, other energy sources will be needed and must be sought (Brown 2011; Michaelides 2012). New and current mining projects are expected to incorporate the lessons from past mining activities and thus solve their detrimental colateral effects on environment and public health. In the field, this mining process conduces to destruction of consolidated sand dune barriers otherwise able to stop hurricanes and prevent coastal erosion and, also, affording protection to back dune ecosystems and stabilized coastal ecosystems. Other impacts associated to oil and gas production are the disposal of scales from pipe cleaning, which generally are highly radioactive, and of sands associated with bottom of oil reservoirs which contain metals and radionuclides in high concentrations as well. Most of the phosphogypsum disposal sites were not remediated and attempts have been made to reuse this material, for example, as soil amendment and in construction materials, but generally with limited success. Other countries (e.g. Mining activities shall be intertwined with sustainable development goals and ensure that present and future generations will have resources or alternative means to satisfy their basic needs of food, water, and energy. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2017, Phosphorus famine: the threat to our food supply, Phosphorus demand for the 1970–2100 period: a scenario analysis of resource depletion, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, The iconic torrey canyon oil spill of 1967 – Marking its legacy, Treasure or Trouble? 4). Coastal areas of Bangladesh, India, Mozambique, Senegal, currently have heavy minerals sand mining and much larger projects are now in the process of approval and implementation in Africa (Fig. The Dashboard of Sustainability takes an analogous approach to the presentation of sustainable development indicators. If appropriate regulations and measures are not enforced, the agriculture, fisheries, and tourism assets of such coastal areas may be jeopardized (Carvalho et al. Environmental impacts of past radium and uranium sites have been assessed in several countries. While P and Ca are essential elements to plant growth, and thus important elements in agriculture fertilizers, metals such as As, Cd, and U are undesired elements and may contaminate crops and soils. Local communities, particularly in deprived and poor regions, want to share the wealth of mining and obtain from mining a positive effect in their lives. Coal has been used as a fuel for thousand years, but really become the most important fuel with the Industrial Revolution and the steam powered engines (Freese 2004). Comparative study of factors affecting public acceptance of mining projects: Evidence from USA, China and Turkey. PRODUÇÃO DE GESSO NO ARARIPE PERNAMBUCANO: IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS. As noted in Vehbi's (2012:103) work, sustainability stands for "long term economic, environmental and community health". World Steel Association, Scale and diversity of the physical technosphere: A geological perspective. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Cadmium toxicity degree on tomato development is associated with disbalances in B and Mn status at early stages of plant exposure. Furthermore, several reports indicate that release of smoke and gas from fossil fuel and biomass burning may indeed increase the radioactivity exposure of human population through inhalation, and this issue might have been neglected in the past (Yan et al. Oil exploitation fully developed during the last century and related ecological impacts occurred, ranging from oil spills and soil contamination in the forests of Ecuador and delta of Niger River to the Arctic coast and oil spills in the sea, such as the recent oil spill of the Deep Horizon platform in Gulf of Mexico, 2010 (Chang et al. Sustainable Transport Potential Barriers Policy and structural barriers •Policy biases are common – eg., favouring road sector in resource allocation, ignoring sustainable development measures, – needs of marginal and other groups ignored Furthermore, the development of mines such as copper, lead, and arsenic mines in Peru has caused severe environmental losses, and today, it may require intensive dialog with stakeholders to reach a societal agreement to mining, as it happened at Cajamarca and Las Bambas (Bury 2002, 2004). 226Ra radioactive half‐life is 1600 years). The agenda contains 17 goals including a new global education goal (SDG 4). Introduction. Measures of sustainable development Objectives 1) To list 5 Es of sustainability 2) To describe the concept of indicators for measuring sustainable development 3) To list 7 indicators 4) To list characteristics of a good indicator 5) To list 11 questionnaires for evaluating indicators ECONOMY- devp. Estimating tomato tolerance to heavy metal toxicity: cadmium as study case. The most iconic case of impact in the marine environment was the oil spill of the supertanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 at the Cornwall coast, English channel, exactly 50 years ago, that initiated a period of wide concern with ecological disasters (Wells 2017). Initiatives to assist diminishing the use of toxic chemicals have been implemented by several organizations but with mitigated results yet (http://www.artisanalgold.org/). Sustainable Development Goals. Mining, Water and Society: Recycling of Mining Effluents as a Social Solution to the Use of Water in Mexico. For plant workers, spending 2000 h a year in the facilities and exposed to the average dose rate of 1.5 μSv/h, the accumulated radiation dose from external radiation can attain 3 mSv/year, and up to 15.5 mSv/year by the ilmenite piles, thus well above the radiation dose limit of 1 mSv/year (excluding contribution from the natural radiation background; IAEA, 2014). The use of large amounts of mercury and its volatilization release mercury into the atmosphere and also into soils and water. Mining heavy mineral sands in coastal sand dunes, North of Mozambique. The value of a healthy environment and control of soil, air, and water quality justifies the cost of these environmental remediation works and recuperation of contaminated areas (Fig. The term sustainable development is a well-used one and is probably familiar to many within and beyond academia, certainly in the more developed parts of the world. It is possible to extract and produce uranium applying occupational safety standards that ensure radiation protection of workers and environment (IAEA, 2014). Here is the need for urgency. Local enhancement of natural levels by wastes from phosphate ore processing industry, Environmental radioactive impact associated to uranium production, Uranium mining and milling: the need for reference materials in environmental radioactivity monitoring programmes, Radioactivity in the environment around past radium and uranium mining sites of Portugal, Exposure to radionuclides in smoke from vegetation fires, Radionuclides and radiation doses in heavy mineral sands and other mining operations in Mozambique, Radioactivity and water quality in areas of old uranium mines (Viseu, Portugal), Preliminary assessment of uranium mining legacy and environmental radioactivity levels in Sabugal region, Portugal, Heavy mineral sands exploitation and exposure to ionizing radiation in Mozambique, IAEA Proceedings of NORM VIII Conference heldin Rio de Janeiro, 2016, Consequences of oil spills: a review and framework for informing planning, The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought, Superfund Enforcement: 35 Years of Protecting Communities and the Environment, Current practice of dealing with natural radioactivity from oil and gas production in EU Member States, Using airborne LiDAR sensing technology and aerial orthoimages to unravel roman water supply systems and gold works in NW Spain (Eria valley, León), Global availability of phosphorus and its implications for global food supply: an economic overview, Uranium for nuclear power. This is a new mining sector that recently developed for extraction of zirconium and rare Earth elements (REE), such as lanthanum, europium, tantalum, and erbium, which are demanded by the production of cell phones, computers, permanent magnets, etc. The only guaranteed outcome of higher energy use is greater environmental burdens which may endanger habitability of the biosphere. Current developments of society values, in particular the growing value ascribed to environment and life quality, makes unavoidable that future mining depends on achieving better conservation of the environment, long‐term management of natural resources, and fair social‐economic impacts in the life of local communities combined with improved safety in mining activities. • The irrefutable case. Source: Report of the Secretary-General, "Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals", E/2017/66 Sustained and inclusive economic growth is necessary for achieving sustainable development. 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